| Equipment cost |
Device plus ongoing consumables |
Expensive per unit, one per site |
None — uses existing tools |
None — uses employees' own phones |
None — uses existing network |
| Works from home |
✗ On-site only |
✗ On-site only |
✓ But on the honour system |
✓ Anywhere, with location tagged |
✗ Fails off the company network |
| Field work / multiple sites |
✗ One device per location |
✗ One device per location |
△ Possible, but unverifiable |
✓ Multiple sites, adjustable radius |
△ Each site needs its own range |
| Resistance to buddy punching |
Low — hard to detect |
High — biometrics are hard to fake |
Low — anyone can post |
Medium — coordinates and time cross-check |
Medium — requires being on site |
| Completeness of the record |
Paper — hard to search or back up |
Depends on the device software |
Scattered through conversations |
Per-minute entries, exportable |
Per-minute entries, exportable |
| Rollout effort |
Low, but month-end is manual |
Medium — install and enrol |
Lowest, but the cleanup is worst |
Low — employees open a link |
Low, needs stable IPs |
| Best suited to |
One site, small team, everyone on site |
Facilities with strict access control |
Very small, high-trust teams |
Remote, hybrid, field and multi-site |
Confirming attendance on office days |